酸酐
作为酰化试剂，将羧酸化学与酯和酰胺相连。
- 官能团
- C(=O)-O-C(=O)
- Also known as
- acid anhydride, carboxylic acid anhydrides, carboxylic anhydrides
概览
Acid anhydrides contain two acyl groups joined through oxygen. They transfer an acyl group to alcohols or amines and hydrolyse to carboxylic acids. Ethanoic anhydride connects acylation with aspirin chemistry; mixed and cyclic anhydrides require attention to which acyl group reacts.
Identifiers
- 官能团
- C(=O)-O-C(=O)
- Also known as
- acid anhydride, carboxylic acid anhydrides, carboxylic anhydrides
性质
- 酰化副产物
- 酸酐转移酰基时，同时生成羧酸或羧酸根，而非酰氯反应生成的 HCl。
- 相对反应活性
- 反应活性通常低于酰氯，但仍可用于制备酯与酰胺。
Related compounds
Connected reactions
- Anhydride hydrolysis: Acid anhydrides → Carboxylic acids
水进攻酸酐羰基；四面体中间体消除时断开酰基与氧的连接。质子转移后生成羧酸；混合酸酐会产生两种不同的酸。
- Anhydride alcoholysis: Acid anhydrides → Esters
醇氧进攻酸酐羰基，四面体中间体随后排出羧酸根。质子转移生成酯和羧酸；其中一个酰基片段转移到醇上。
- Anhydride ammonolysis: Acid anhydrides → Amides
氨进攻酸酐羰基，形成四面体中间体。羧酸根离去及质子转移后生成酰胺；过量氨还会使伴生的羧酸转化为羧酸铵。
参考文献
- Organic Chemistry: Chemistry of Acid AnhydridesJohn McMurry · OpenStax Organic Chemistry · 2023
Supports functional-group chemistry used to curate the linked examples. Checked 2026-09-16; named examples are applications of textbook scope, without claimed experimental yields.
- PubChem Compound Summary: Acetic anhydride (CID 7918)National Center for Biotechnology Information · PubChem
Identity, molecular formula, molecular weight and aliases retrieved via PUG REST on 2026-09-08.
- PubChem Compound Summary: Maleic anhydride (CID 7923)National Center for Biotechnology Information · PubChem
Identity, molecular formula, molecular weight and aliases retrieved via PUG REST on 2026-09-08.