胺
胺可由卤代烷制得，并可进一步烷基化生成季铵化合物。
- 官能团
- C-N
概览
Nitrogen nucleophiles and precursors to ammonium salts.
The nitrogen lone pair makes amines bases and nucleophiles. Protonation gives ammonium ions; alkylation forms carbon-nitrogen bonds. Their relative basicity depends on substituents and solvent, so one universal primary/secondary/tertiary ranking is misleading.
Identifiers
- 官能团
- C-N
化学标识符
- SMILES
- CCN
性质
- 酸碱变化
- 质子化是可逆的，会改变电荷，但不增加碳原子。
- 酰化的适用边界
- 伯胺和仲胺可形成中性酰胺；叔胺没有 N-H 键，常用作碱。
Related compounds
Connected reactions
- Amination: Chloroalkanes → Amines
氨取代氯，形成伯胺；过量氨可限制进一步烷基化。
- Amination: Bromoalkanes → Amines
氨取代溴，形成伯胺；过量氨可限制进一步烷基化。
- Amination: Iodoalkanes → Amines
氨取代碘，形成伯胺；过量氨可限制进一步烷基化。
- Alkylation: Amines → Quaternary ammonium compounds
胺可进一步烷基化，形成永久带正电的季铵基团，用于抗菌与离子交换材料。
- Reduction: Nitriles → Amines
腈可还原为伯胺，将胺的制备与后续酰胺或材料化学分开呈现。
- Acylation co reactant: Amines → N-substituted amides
胺被酰氯酰化，形成 N-取代酰胺。
- Weak base equilibrium: Amines → Aqueous alkylammonium ions
胺在水中是弱碱，可形成烷基铵离子和氢氧根离子。
- Salt formation: Amines → Amine salts
胺与酸反应，形成烷基铵盐。
- Copper(II) complex formation: Amines → Copper-amine complexes
胺与水溶液中的铜(II)离子反应，胺过量时形成深蓝色配合物。
参考文献
- Organic Chemistry: Basicity of AminesJohn McMurry · OpenStax Organic Chemistry · 2023
Supports functional-group chemistry used to curate the linked examples. Checked 2026-09-16; named examples are applications of textbook scope, without claimed experimental yields.
- Organic Chemistry: Chemistry of Acid HalidesJohn McMurry · OpenStax Organic Chemistry · 2023
Supports acid-halide preparation with thionyl chloride and nucleophilic acyl substitution chemistry, including tetrahedral intermediates, hydrolysis, alcoholysis and amine acylation at acid chlorides.
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