羧酸
羧酸可由腈水解制得，经活化或偶联后可用于形成酰胺键。
- 官能团
- COOH
- Also known as
- carboxylic acid, alkanoic acids, COOH compounds
概览
Carbonyl compounds with a carboxyl group used in amide formation.
The carboxyl group combines a carbonyl and hydroxyl group. Proton loss gives a resonance-stabilised carboxylate. Acid-base reactions change charge and solubility without changing the carbon skeleton; acyl substitution or reduction makes a different functional group.
Identifiers
- 官能团
- COOH
- Also known as
- carboxylic acid, alkanoic acids, COOH compounds
化学标识符
- SMILES
- CC(=O)O
性质
- 分子间作用力
- 羧酸可形成氢键及二聚体；实测物理性质应对应具体化合物。
- 盐或衍生物
- 羧酸盐不是酯；应区分质子转移与酰基碳上的取代反应。
Diagnostic tests
碳酸盐检验酸性
- 试剂
- 碳酸钠或碳酸氢钠
- 条件
- 室温
- Positive observation
- 放出 CO2，产生气泡
- Negative observation
- 无气泡产生
- Interpretation
- 羧酸与碳酸盐反应，释放二氧化碳气体。
- 适用范围
- 羧酸的常用定性反应。
- 来源说明
- 多种酸可释放二氧化碳，记录气泡并检验气体。
- 证据
- 教材核心内容
Related compounds
- 乳酸
可先转化为丙交酯，再用于制造 PLA 的上游原料。
- 甲酸
甲酸是一种有机化合物，分子式为 CH2O2。
- 乙酸
一种弱羧酸，可联系中和、缓冲溶液与酯化反应。
- 丙酸
丙酸是一种有机化合物，分子式为 C3H6O2。
- 丁酸
丁酸是一种有机化合物，分子式为 C4H8O2。
- 戊酸
戊酸是一种有机化合物，分子式为 C5H10O2。
- 己酸
己酸是一种有机化合物，分子式为 C6H12O2。
- 辛酸
辛酸是一种有机化合物，分子式为 C8H16O2。
- 癸酸
癸酸是一种有机化合物，分子式为 C10H20O2。
- 月桂酸
月桂酸是一种有机化合物，分子式为 C12H24O2。
- 棕榈酸
棕榈酸是一种有机化合物，分子式为 C16H32O2。
- 硬脂酸
硬脂酸是一种有机化合物，分子式为 C18H36O2。
- 苯甲酸
一种芳香羧酸，可用于联系酸碱萃取与有机结构。
- 草酸
草酸是一种有机化合物，分子式为 C2H2O4。
- 丙二酸
丙二酸是一种有机化合物，分子式为 C3H4O4。
- 琥珀酸
琥珀酸是一种有机化合物，分子式为 C4H6O4。
- 戊二酸
戊二酸是一种有机化合物，分子式为 C5H8O4。
- 马来酸
马来酸是一种有机化合物，分子式为 C4H4O4。
- 富马酸
富马酸是一种有机化合物，分子式为 C4H4O4。
- 邻苯二甲酸
邻苯二甲酸是一种有机化合物，分子式为 C8H6O4。
- 间苯二甲酸
间苯二甲酸是一种有机化合物，分子式为 C8H6O4。
- 阿司匹林
乙酰水杨酸，同一分子中同时含有酯基和羧基。
- 水杨酸
同一分子中酚羟基和羧基相邻，是阿司匹林化学中的重要化合物。
- 肉桂酸
肉桂酸是一种有机化合物，分子式为 C9H8O2。
- 丙烯酸
丙烯酸是一种有机化合物，分子式为 C3H4O2。
- 甲基丙烯酸
甲基丙烯酸是一种有机化合物，分子式为 C4H6O2。
- 羟基乙酸
羟基乙酸是一种有机化合物，分子式为 C2H4O3。
- 2-甲基丙酸
与丁酸分子式相同的支链羧酸。
Connected reactions
- Oxidation: Alcohols → Carboxylic acids
伯醇充分氧化生成羧酸。
- Complete oxidation: Primary alcohols → Carboxylic acids
伯醇充分氧化生成羧酸。
- Reduction: Carboxylic acids → Primary alcohols
羧酸还原生成伯醇。
- Oxidation: Aldehydes → Carboxylic acids
醛氧化生成羧酸。
- Hydrolysis: Nitriles → Carboxylic acids
腈可水解为羧酸；此处将原先合并的腈到酰胺路线拆分为单步官能团转化。
- Activation for amide formation: Carboxylic acids → Amide chemistry
羧酸或经活化的羧酸衍生物可用于形成酰胺键。
- Esterification: Carboxylic acids → Esters
羧酸与醇反应形成酯。
- Hydrolysis: Esters → Carboxylic acids
酯经水解重新生成羧酸产物。
- Chlorination: Carboxylic acids → Acyl chlorides
PCl5 将羧酸转化为酰氯。
- Chlorination with thionyl chloride: Carboxylic acids → Acyl chlorides
氯化亚砜将羧酸转化为酰氯，同时生成二氧化硫和氯化氢。
- Hydrolysis: Acyl chlorides → Carboxylic acids
水使酰氯水解为羧酸，同时释放氯化氢。
- Carboxylation: Grignard reagents → Carboxylic acids
格氏羧化经酸性后处理得到羧酸。
- Grignard carboxylation co reactant: Carbon dioxide → Carboxylic acids
二氧化碳与格氏试剂反应，经酸性后处理得到羧酸。
- Salt formation: Carboxylic acids → Carboxylate salts
羧酸与碱、碳酸盐及活泼金属反应，形成羧酸盐。
- Anhydride hydrolysis: Acid anhydrides → Carboxylic acids
水进攻酸酐羰基；四面体中间体消除时断开酰基与氧的连接。质子转移后生成羧酸；混合酸酐会产生两种不同的酸。
参考文献
- Organic Chemistry: Structure and Properties of Carboxylic AcidsJohn McMurry · OpenStax Organic Chemistry · 2023
Supports functional-group chemistry used to curate the linked examples. Checked 2026-09-16; named examples are applications of textbook scope, without claimed experimental yields.
- Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Chemistry specificationPearson Education Limited · Pearson qualifications · 2024
Supports the textbook-core organic reaction routes used for displayed route and mechanism content.
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