醇
醇通过卤化和卤代烷水解与卤代烷相连，也可参与氧化、脱水和酯化路线。
- 官能团
- C-OH
概览
O-H functional group used in oxidation, substitution and ester chemistry.
Identifiers
- 官能团
- C-OH
化学标识符
- SMILES
- CCO
Diagnostic tests
酸性重铬酸盐氧化试验
- 试剂
- 酸化的 K2Cr2O7 水溶液
- 条件
- 向样品中加入用稀硫酸酸化的重铬酸钾水溶液，在水浴中温和加热。
- Positive observation
- 橙色溶液变绿
- Negative observation
- 溶液仍呈橙色
- Interpretation
- 颜色变化支持样品中存在伯醇或仲醇，因为它们可在这些条件下被氧化。
- 适用范围
- 伯醇和仲醇可引起该颜色变化；叔醇通常不能。
- 来源说明
- 醛及其他还原性物质也可使酸性重铬酸盐变绿；叔醇可呈阴性。
- 证据
- 教材核心内容
Related compounds
- 乙醇
Ethanol is a molecule-level primary alcohol within the alcohol family.
- 甲醇
甲醇是一种有机化合物，分子式为 CH4O。
- 1-丙醇
一种伯醇，可联系氢键、醛的生成及进一步氧化。
- 2-丙醇
一种仲醇，可氧化为丙酮。
- 1-丁醇
1-丁醇是一种有机化合物，分子式为 C4H10O。
- 2-丁醇
2-丁醇是一种有机化合物，分子式为 C4H10O。
- 2-甲基-1-丙醇
支链伯醇，氧化时保留原有碳骨架。
- 2-甲基-2-丙醇
一种叔醇，可与伯醇、仲醇的氧化反应进行对比。
- 1-戊醇
1-戊醇是一种有机化合物，分子式为 C5H12O。
- 1-己醇
1-己醇是一种有机化合物，分子式为 C6H14O。
- 1-辛醇
1-辛醇是一种有机化合物，分子式为 C8H18O。
- 环己醇
环己醇是一种有机化合物，分子式为 C6H12O。
- 苯甲醇
一种伯醇，其 CH2OH 基团与苯环相连。
- 2-苯乙醇
2-苯乙醇是一种有机化合物，分子式为 C8H10O。
- 甘油
1,2,3-丙三醇，含三个羟基，是油脂的组成单元。
Connected reactions
- Chlorination: Alcohols → Chloroalkanes
醇可转化为氯代烷，为后续取代反应引入更易离去的基团。
- Chlorination with thionyl chloride: Alcohols → Chloroalkanes
氯化亚砜将醇转化为氯代烷，同时生成二氧化硫和氯化氢。
- Bromination: Alcohols → Bromoalkanes
在溴化物和酸的作用下，醇转化为溴代烷。
- Iodination: Alcohols → Iodoalkanes
在碘和红磷的作用下，醇转化为碘代烷。
- Hydrolysis: Chloroalkanes → Alcohols
氢氧根可取代 C-Cl 中的氯，形成醇。
- Hydrolysis: Bromoalkanes → Alcohols
氢氧根可取代 C-Br 中的溴，形成醇。
- Hydrolysis: Iodoalkanes → Alcohols
氢氧根可取代 C-I 中的碘，形成醇。
- Oxidation: Alcohols → Aldehydes
伯醇经受控氧化可生成醛。
- Oxidation: Alcohols → Ketones
仲醇氧化生成酮。
- Oxidation: Alcohols → Carboxylic acids
伯醇充分氧化生成羧酸。
- Hydration: Alkenes → Alcohols
催化水合将烯烃转化为醇。
- Dehydration: Alcohols → Alkenes
脱水将醇转化为烯烃。
- Esterification co reactant: Alcohols → Esters
醇与羧酸结合形成酯。
- Hydrolysis co product: Esters → Alcohols
酯水解也会重新生成相应的醇。
- Complete combustion: Alcohols → Carbon dioxide
醇在过量氧气中完全燃烧，生成二氧化碳和水。
参考文献
- Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level Chemistry Practical GuidePearson Education Limited · Pearson qualifications · 2018
Official Pearson practical guidance for organic qualitative tests, including bromine water, acidified dichromate, silver nitrate, carbonyl reagents and the iodoform reaction.
- PubChem Compound Summary for EthanolNational Center for Biotechnology Information · PubChem · 2026
Used for stable identifiers and basic compound metadata.
- PubChem Compound Summary: Methanol (CID 887)National Center for Biotechnology Information · PubChem
Identity, molecular formula, molecular weight and aliases retrieved via PUG REST on 2026-09-08.
- PubChem Compound Summary: Propan-1-ol (CID 1031)National Center for Biotechnology Information · PubChem
Identity, molecular formula, molecular weight and aliases retrieved via PUG REST on 2026-09-08.
- PubChem Compound Summary: Propan-2-ol (CID 3776)National Center for Biotechnology Information · PubChem
Identity, molecular formula, molecular weight and aliases retrieved via PUG REST on 2026-09-08.
- PubChem Compound Summary: Butan-1-ol (CID 263)National Center for Biotechnology Information · PubChem
Identity, molecular formula, molecular weight and aliases retrieved via PUG REST on 2026-09-08.
- PubChem Compound Summary: Butan-2-ol (CID 6568)National Center for Biotechnology Information · PubChem
Identity, molecular formula, molecular weight and aliases retrieved via PUG REST on 2026-09-08.
- PubChem Compound Summary: 2-Methylpropan-1-ol (CID 6560)National Center for Biotechnology Information · PubChem
Identity, molecular formula, molecular weight and aliases retrieved via PUG REST on 2026-09-08.
- PubChem Compound Summary: 2-Methylpropan-2-ol (CID 6386)National Center for Biotechnology Information · PubChem
Identity, molecular formula, molecular weight and aliases retrieved via PUG REST on 2026-09-08.
- PubChem Compound Summary: Pentan-1-ol (CID 6276)National Center for Biotechnology Information · PubChem
Identity, molecular formula, molecular weight and aliases retrieved via PUG REST on 2026-09-08.
- PubChem Compound Summary: Hexan-1-ol (CID 8103)National Center for Biotechnology Information · PubChem
Identity, molecular formula, molecular weight and aliases retrieved via PUG REST on 2026-09-08.
- PubChem Compound Summary: Octan-1-ol (CID 957)National Center for Biotechnology Information · PubChem
Identity, molecular formula, molecular weight and aliases retrieved via PUG REST on 2026-09-08.
- PubChem Compound Summary: Cyclohexanol (CID 7966)National Center for Biotechnology Information · PubChem
Identity, molecular formula, molecular weight and aliases retrieved via PUG REST on 2026-09-08.
- PubChem Compound Summary: Benzyl alcohol (CID 244)National Center for Biotechnology Information · PubChem
Identity, molecular formula, molecular weight and aliases retrieved via PUG REST on 2026-09-08.
- PubChem Compound Summary: 2-Phenylethanol (CID 6054)National Center for Biotechnology Information · PubChem
Identity, molecular formula, molecular weight and aliases retrieved via PUG REST on 2026-09-08.
- PubChem Compound Summary: Glycerol (CID 753)National Center for Biotechnology Information · PubChem
Identity, molecular formula, molecular weight and aliases retrieved via PUG REST on 2026-09-08.