Compounds

Compound index

• Chloroalkanes

  Alkyl chlorides with a C-Cl bond; useful entry points into alcohols, nitriles, amines and alkenes.

• Bromoalkanes

  Bromoalkanes are haloalkane variants used in substitution, elimination and Grignard-forming routes.

• Iodoalkanes

  Iodoalkanes are haloalkane variants used in substitution, elimination and Grignard-forming routes.

• Chloromethane

  A simple molecule-level example of the chloroalkane family.

• Chloroethane

  A small chloroalkane example used to show substitution and elimination routes from a C-Cl handle.

• Alcohols

  Alcohols connect to haloalkanes through alcohol-halogenation and haloalkane hydrolysis, and also feed oxidation, dehydration and ester routes.

• Ethanol

  Ethanol is a molecule-level alcohol example; under alkaline iodine it is oxidised and cleaved to triiodomethane and methanoate.

• Methyl secondary alcohols

  Methyl secondary alcohols are oxidised under alkaline iodine to methyl ketones, then cleaved in the iodoform reaction.

• Alkenes

  Alkenes connect to haloalkanes by hydrohalogenation, can be formed by haloalkane elimination, and also feed addition, hydration and polymer routes.

• Aldehydes

  Aldehydes undergo nucleophilic addition with cyanide to form hydroxynitriles, extending the organic route map beyond halogenoalkanes.

• Methanal

  Methanal is the carbonyl co-reactant that gives primary alcohols after Grignard addition and acidic work-up.

• Ethanal

  Ethanal is the aldehyde exception in the iodoform reaction because it contains the CH3CO- carbonyl pattern after oxidation state accounting.

• Ketones

  Ketones undergo nucleophilic addition with cyanide to form hydroxynitriles, adding a second carbonyl-derived entry route.

• Carbon dioxide

  Carbon dioxide reacts with Grignard reagents, followed by acidic work-up, to give carboxylic acids with one extra carbon.

• Methyl ketones

  Methyl ketones give the iodoform reaction with alkaline iodine, producing yellow triiodomethane and a carboxylate with one fewer carbon.

• Hydroxynitriles

  Hydroxynitriles are formed by cyanide addition to aldehydes or ketones and provide a carbonyl-derived route with one extra carbon.

• Triiodomethane products

  The iodoform reaction produces yellow triiodomethane together with a carboxylate; after acidification this corresponds to a carboxylic acid with one fewer carbon.

• Nitriles

  Nitriles made from haloalkanes are useful intermediates because they can be reduced to amines or hydrolysed to carboxylic acids.

• Carboxylic acids

  Carboxylic acids can be reached from nitriles by hydrolysis and can feed amide-bond formation after activation or coupling.

• Amines

  Amines can be prepared from haloalkanes and can be further alkylated to quaternary ammonium compounds.

• Alkanes

  Alkanes sit upstream of haloalkane preparation by photochemical halogenation and downstream of alkene hydrogenation in the aliphatic route map.

• Dihalogenoalkanes

  Dihalogenoalkanes extend the alkene addition branch and represent addition of bromine or chlorine across a carbon-carbon double bond.

• Diols

  Vicinal diols form when an alkene is oxidised with cold, dilute manganate(VII) under slightly alkaline conditions. Hot, concentrated acidified conditions instead promote oxidative cleavage of the double bond.

• Esters

  Esters are carboxylic acid derivatives that undergo hydrolysis; the groups on both sides of the ester linkage determine the products.

• Acyl chlorides

  Acyl chlorides connect carboxylic acid chemistry to esters, amides and N-substituted amides through acylation.

• Amides

  Amides are formed from acyl chlorides or related acid derivatives and are molecular examples of amide-link chemistry.

• N-substituted amides

  N-substituted amides are formed by acylation of amines with acyl chlorides.

• Grignard reagents

  In this scoped map, chloroalkanes, bromoalkanes and iodoalkanes can form Grignard reagents with magnesium in dry ether, extending the route map into alcohol and carboxylic acid synthesis.

• Primary alcohols

  Primary alcohols are oxidation and Grignard-route products in the expanded aliphatic pathway map.

• Secondary alcohols

  Secondary alcohols connect alcohol oxidation to ketones and Grignard addition to aldehydes.

• Tertiary alcohols

  Tertiary alcohols are produced by Grignard addition to ketones followed by acidic work-up.

• Benzene

  Benzene undergoes electrophilic substitution while retaining its aromatic ring, and burns with a smoky flame in limited air.

• Halogenoarenes

  Halogenoarenes are formed when benzene reacts with a halogen in the presence of a halogen carrier catalyst.

• Nitroarenes

  Nitroarenes are formed by nitration of benzene and can be reduced to aromatic amines.

• Alkylarenes

  Alkylarenes can be prepared from benzene by Friedel-Crafts alkylation.

• Acylbenzenes

  Acylbenzenes are prepared by Friedel-Crafts acylation using an acyl chloride and aluminium chloride.

• Phenols

  Phenol activates the aromatic ring and reacts readily with bromine water without a halogen carrier.

• Bromophenols

  Phenol reacts with excess bromine water to form a pale precipitate of 2,4,6-tribromophenol.

• Aromatic amines

  Aromatic amines such as phenylamine are prepared by reducing nitroarenes.

• Amine salts

  Amines react with acids to form ionic alkylammonium salts.

• Carboxylate salts

  Carboxylic acids form carboxylate salts in acid-base and metal reactions.

• Dicarboxylic acids

  Dicarboxylic acids react with diols to form polyesters and with diamines to form polyamides.

• Diamines

  Diamines undergo condensation polymerisation with dicarboxylic acids or acyl chlorides to form polyamides.

• Amino acids

  Amino acids condense to form peptide links and are recovered when peptides and proteins are hydrolysed.

• Alkynes

  Carbon-carbon triple bonds with distinct reduction and hydration choices.

• Ethers

  An oxygen bridge between carbon groups, including many useful solvents.

• Epoxides

  Strained three-membered cyclic ethers that open to new functional groups.

• Acid anhydrides

  Acylating agents that connect carboxylic-acid chemistry to esters and amides.

• Chloroethene

  Vinyl chloride is the alkene monomer used to make PVC for pipes and cable coverings.

• Styrene

  The monomer used to make polystyrene.

• Methyl methacrylate

  An unsaturated ester that forms acrylic polymer PMMA.

• 1,2-Dichloroethane

  An industrial intermediate between ethene and vinyl chloride.

• Ethylbenzene

  An intermediate connecting benzene and ethene to styrene.

• Ethylene glycol

  A two-carbon diol that supplies the alcohol groups used to make PET.

• Terephthalic acid

  An aromatic dicarboxylic acid used with ethylene glycol to make PET.

• Dimethyl terephthalate

  An alternative PET feedstock used together with ethylene glycol.

• Ethene

  The alkene monomer used to make polyethylene, including LDPE.

• Propene

  The three-carbon alkene used to make polypropylene.

• Adipic acid

  The dicarboxylic acid paired with hexamethylenediamine to make nylon 6,6.

• Hexamethylenediamine

  The diamine paired with adipic acid to make nylon 6,6.

• Acrylonitrile

  One of the three monomers used to make ABS.

• Buta-1,3-diene

  The monomer for the rubbery part of ABS.

• Caprolactam

  The ring-shaped starting molecule for nylon 6.

• Tetrafluoroethene

  The fluorinated alkene monomer used to make PTFE.

• Vinyl acetate

  The acetate-bearing comonomer used with ethene to make EVA.

• Bisphenol A

  The two-ended phenolic building block in the selected PC route.

• Diphenyl carbonate

  The carbonate source used with bisphenol A in melt-made PC.

• Butane-1,4-diol

  The four-carbon diol used to make PBT.

• Lactide

  The ring-shaped monomer in the selected PLA route.

• Lactic acid

  An upstream feedstock converted into lactide for PLA.

• 1,2-Dimethoxyethane

  1,2-Dimethoxyethane is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H10O2.

• 1,4-Dioxane

  A six-membered saturated ring containing two ether oxygens.

• 1-Bromopropane

  A primary bromoalkane for comparing nucleophilic substitution with elimination.

• 1-Chloropropane

  1-Chloropropane is an organic compound with the molecular formula C3H7Cl.

• 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

  2,2,4-Trimethylpentane is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H18.

• 2,2-Dimethylpropane

  A highly symmetrical five-carbon alkane, also called neopentane.

• 2-Bromopropane

  A secondary bromoalkane linking substitution, elimination and positional isomerism.

• 2-Chloropropane

  2-Chloropropane is an organic compound with the molecular formula C3H7Cl.

• 2-Methylbutane

  A branched five-carbon alkane, also called isopentane.

• 2-Methylphenol

  2-Methylphenol is an organic compound with the molecular formula C7H8O.

• 2-Methylpropan-1-ol

  A branched primary alcohol whose oxidation retains the carbon skeleton.

• 2-Methylpropan-2-ol

  A tertiary alcohol that contrasts with primary and secondary oxidation examples.

• 2-Methylpropane

  The branched constitutional isomer of butane.

• 2-Methylpropene

  A branched alkene with no E/Z stereoisomer pair.

• 2-Phenylethanol

  2-Phenylethanol is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H10O.

• 3-Methylphenol

  3-Methylphenol is an organic compound with the molecular formula C7H8O.

• 4-Methylpentan-2-one

  4-Methylpentan-2-one is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H12O.

• 4-Methylphenol

  4-Methylphenol is an organic compound with the molecular formula C7H8O.

• Acetamide

  Ethanamide, the simplest two-carbon example of an amide linkage.

• Acetanilide

  An N-phenyl amide formed by acetylating aniline.

• Acetic anhydride

  Ethanoic anhydride, an acylating reagent with two linked acetyl groups.

• Acetonitrile

  A polar aprotic solvent whose nitrile group is also a reaction site.

• Acetophenone

  An aromatic methyl ketone with different groups on either side of its carbonyl.

• Acetyl chloride

  Ethanoyl chloride, a reactive carboxylic-acid derivative.

• Acetylacetone

  A beta-diketone with coupled carbonyl and enol chemistry.

• Acrylic acid

  Acrylic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C3H4O2.

• Adenine

  Adenine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H5N5.

• Aniline

  Phenylamine, an aromatic amine used to compare nitrogen basicity.

• Anisole

  Methoxybenzene, an aromatic ether with an activating methoxy substituent.

• Anthracene

  Anthracene is an organic compound with the molecular formula C14H10.

• Ascorbic acid

  Ascorbic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H8O6.

• Aspirin

  Acetylsalicylic acid: an ester and a carboxylic acid in the same molecule.

• Benzaldehyde

  An aromatic aldehyde that can oxidise to benzoic acid.

• Benzamide

  A primary aromatic amide with a carbonyl-bound NH2 group.

• Benzimidazole

  Benzimidazole is an organic compound with the molecular formula C7H6N2.

• Benzocaine

  Benzocaine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C9H11NO2.

• Benzoic acid

  An aromatic carboxylic acid used to connect acid–base extraction with organic structure.

• Benzonitrile

  Benzonitrile is an organic compound with the molecular formula C7H5N.

• Benzophenone

  A diaryl ketone with two identical phenyl substituents.

• Benzoyl chloride

  An aromatic acyl chloride connecting benzoic-acid derivatives.

• Benzyl alcohol

  A primary alcohol whose CH2OH group is attached to a phenyl ring.

• Benzyl chloride

  Benzyl chloride is an organic compound with the molecular formula C7H7Cl.

• Benzylamine

  Benzylamine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C7H9N.

• beta-Carotene

  beta-Carotene is an organic compound with the molecular formula C40H56.

• Biphenyl

  Biphenyl is an organic compound with the molecular formula C12H10.

• Bromobenzene

  Bromobenzene is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5Br.

• Bromoethane

  A two-carbon primary halogenoalkane used to connect reaction pathways.

• Bromomethane

  Bromomethane is an organic compound with the molecular formula CH3Br.

• But-1-ene

  A terminal alkene that illustrates the limits of geometric isomerism.

• But-1-yne

  A terminal alkyne with an acidic hydrogen at the triple bond.

• But-2-yne

  A symmetrical internal alkyne linking partial reduction with alkene stereochemistry.

• Butan-1-ol

  Butan-1-ol is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H10O.

• Butan-2-ol

  Butan-2-ol is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H10O.

• Butan-2-one

  An unsymmetrical ketone whose reduction creates a stereogenic centre.

• Butanal

  A four-carbon aldehyde with a terminal electrophilic carbonyl group.

• Butane

  A straight-chain alkane with distinct anti and gauche conformations.

• Butanoic acid

  Butanoic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H8O2.

• Butyl acetate

  Butyl acetate is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H12O2.

• Caffeine

  Caffeine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H10N4O2.

• Camphor

  Camphor is an organic compound with the molecular formula C10H16O.

• Carvone

  Carvone is an organic compound with the molecular formula C10H14O.

• Catechol

  Catechol is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H6O2.

• Chlorobenzene

  An aryl chloride that behaves differently from an ordinary chloroalkane.

• Chloroform

  Chloroform is an organic compound with the molecular formula CHCl3.

• Cholesterol

  Cholesterol is an organic compound with the molecular formula C27H46O.

• Cinnamaldehyde

  Cinnamaldehyde is an organic compound with the molecular formula C9H8O.

• Cinnamic acid

  Cinnamic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C9H8O2.

• cis-But-2-ene

  The Z stereoisomer of but-2-ene, with both methyl groups on the same side.

• Geranial (citral A)

  Geranial (citral A) is an organic compound with the molecular formula C10H16O.

• Citric acid

  Citric acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H8O7.

• Creatine

  Creatine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H9N3O2.

• Creatinine

  Creatinine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H7N3O.

• Cumene

  Cumene is an organic compound with the molecular formula C9H12.

• Cyclobutane

  Cyclobutane is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H8.

• Cycloheptane

  Cycloheptane is an organic compound with the molecular formula C7H14.

• Cyclohexane

  Cyclohexane is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H12.

• Cyclohexanol

  Cyclohexanol is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H12O.

• Cyclohexanone

  A cyclic ketone that reduces to cyclohexanol.

• Cyclohexene

  A six-membered ring containing one carbon–carbon double bond.

• Cyclopentane

  Cyclopentane is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H10.

• Cyclopentanone

  A five-membered cyclic ketone with two equivalent ring paths at the carbonyl.

• Cyclopentene

  A five-membered cyclic alkene with localized double-bond reactivity.

• Cyclopropane

  Cyclopropane is an organic compound with the molecular formula C3H6.

• Cytosine

  Cytosine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H5N3O.

• D-Fructose

  A ketohexose connecting carbonyl chemistry with cyclic sugar structures.

• D-Galactose

  D-Galactose is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H12O6.

• D-Glucose

  An aldohexose that exists mainly as cyclic forms in aqueous solution.

• D-Limonene

  D-Limonene is an organic compound with the molecular formula C10H16.

• D-Mannitol

  D-Mannitol is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H14O6.

• D-Ribose

  D-Ribose is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H10O5.

• D-Xylose

  D-Xylose is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H10O5.

• Decane

  Decane is an organic compound with the molecular formula C10H22.

• Decanoic acid

  Decanoic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C10H20O2.

• Dichloromethane

  A saturated chlorinated methane with two equivalent chlorine substituents.

• Diethanolamine

  Diethanolamine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H11NO2.

• Diethyl carbonate

  Diethyl carbonate is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H10O3.

• Diethyl ether

  A symmetrical ether whose oxygen can accept hydrogen bonds.

• Diethyl malonate

  Diethyl malonate is an organic compound with the molecular formula C7H12O4.

• Diethylamine

  Diethylamine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H11N.

• Diethylene glycol

  Diethylene glycol is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H10O3.

• Dimethyl carbonate

  Dimethyl carbonate is an organic compound with the molecular formula C3H6O3.

• Dimethyl disulfide

  Dimethyl disulfide is an organic compound with the molecular formula C2H6S2.

• Dimethyl ether

  The simplest ether and a constitutional isomer of ethanol.

• Dimethyl sulfide

  Dimethyl sulfide is an organic compound with the molecular formula C2H6S.

• Dimethyl sulfoxide

  DMSO, a polar aprotic solvent containing a sulfoxide group.

• Dimethylacetamide

  Dimethylacetamide is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H9NO.

• Dimethylamine

  A secondary amine with two methyl groups and one N–H bond.

• Dimethylformamide

  DMF, an N,N-disubstituted amide used as a polar aprotic solvent.

• Dodecane

  Dodecane is an organic compound with the molecular formula C12H26.

• Ethane

  A two-carbon alkane whose single-bond rotation produces different conformations.

• Ethanethiol

  Ethanethiol is an organic compound with the molecular formula C2H6S.

• Ethanoic acid

  A weak carboxylic acid linking neutralisation, buffers and ester formation.

• Ethanolamine

  Ethanolamine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C2H7NO.

• Ethyl acetate

  Ethyl ethanoate, a simple ester connecting alcohol and carboxylic-acid chemistry.

• Ethyl acetoacetate

  A beta-keto ester with a methylene between two carbonyl groups.

• Ethyl benzoate

  An ester joining a benzoyl fragment to an ethoxy group.

• Ethyl butyrate

  Ethyl butyrate is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H12O2.

• Ethylamine

  A primary alkylamine that acts as both a base and a nucleophile.

• Ethylenediamine

  A two-carbon diamine with an amino group at each end.

• Ethyne

  The simplest alkyne, with a linear carbon–carbon triple-bond unit.

• Eugenol

  Eugenol is an organic compound with the molecular formula C10H12O2.

• Fluorene

  Fluorene is an organic compound with the molecular formula C13H10.

• Fluorobenzene

  Fluorobenzene is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5F.

• Formamide

  Formamide is an organic compound with the molecular formula CH3NO.

• Fumaric acid

  Fumaric acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H4O4.

• Furan

  Furan is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H4O.

• Gamma-butyrolactone

  Gamma-butyrolactone is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H6O2.

• Geraniol

  Geraniol is an organic compound with the molecular formula C10H18O.

• Glutaric acid

  Glutaric acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H8O4.

• Glycerol

  Propane-1,2,3-triol, a three-hydroxyl building block of fats and oils.

• Glycine

  The simplest alpha-amino acid and the achiral exception among common protein amino acids.

• Glycolic acid

  Glycolic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C2H4O3.

• Glyoxal

  Glyoxal is an organic compound with the molecular formula C2H2O2.

• Guanine

  Guanine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H5N5O.

• Heptane

  Heptane is an organic compound with the molecular formula C7H16.

• Hex-1-ene

  A terminal six-carbon alkene with one electrophilic-addition site.

• Hexadecane

  Hexadecane is an organic compound with the molecular formula C16H34.

• Hexan-1-ol

  Hexan-1-ol is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H14O.

• Hexanal

  An unbranched six-carbon aldehyde with a single terminal carbonyl.

• Hexane

  An unbranched six-carbon alkane with a flexible saturated carbon skeleton.

• Hexanoic acid

  Hexanoic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H12O2.

• Hydroquinone

  Hydroquinone is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H6O2.

• Ibuprofen

  Ibuprofen is an organic compound with the molecular formula C13H18O2.

• Imidazole

  Imidazole is an organic compound with the molecular formula C3H4N2.

• Indole

  Indole is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H7N.

• Iodobenzene

  Iodobenzene is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5I.

• Iodoethane

  Iodoethane is an organic compound with the molecular formula C2H5I.

• Iodomethane

  Iodomethane is an organic compound with the molecular formula CH3I.

• Isopentyl acetate

  Isopentyl acetate is an organic compound with the molecular formula C7H14O2.

• Isophthalic acid

  Isophthalic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H6O4.

• Isoprene

  Isoprene is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H8.

• Isopropylamine

  Isopropylamine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C3H9N.

• Isoquinoline

  Isoquinoline is an organic compound with the molecular formula C9H7N.

• L-Alanine

  A chiral alpha-amino acid with a methyl side chain.

• L-Arginine

  L-Arginine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H14N4O2.

• L-Asparagine

  L-Asparagine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H8N2O3.

• L-Aspartic acid

  L-Aspartic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H7NO4.

• L-Cysteine

  A sulfur-containing amino acid with a thiol side chain.

• L-Glutamic acid

  L-Glutamic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H9NO4.

• L-Glutamine

  L-Glutamine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H10N2O3.

• L-Histidine

  L-Histidine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H9N3O2.

• L-Isoleucine

  L-Isoleucine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H13NO2.

• L-Leucine

  L-Leucine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H13NO2.

• L-Lysine

  An amino acid with an additional basic amino group in its side chain.

• L-Malic acid

  L-Malic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H6O5.

• L-Menthol

  L-Menthol is an organic compound with the molecular formula C10H20O.

• L-Methionine

  L-Methionine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H11NO2S.

• L-Phenylalanine

  L-Phenylalanine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C9H11NO2.

• L-Proline

  L-Proline is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H9NO2.

• L-Serine

  L-Serine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C3H7NO3.

• L-Tartaric acid

  L-Tartaric acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H6O6.

• L-Threonine

  L-Threonine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H9NO3.

• L-Tryptophan

  L-Tryptophan is an organic compound with the molecular formula C11H12N2O2.

• L-Tyrosine

  L-Tyrosine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C9H11NO3.

• L-Valine

  L-Valine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H11NO2.

• Lactose

  A reducing disaccharide built from galactose and glucose.

• Lauric acid

  Lauric acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C12H24O2.

• Lidocaine

  Lidocaine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C14H22N2O.

• Linalool

  Linalool is an organic compound with the molecular formula C10H18O.

• Linoleic acid

  Linoleic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C18H32O2.

• m-Xylene

  m-Xylene is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H10.

• Maleic acid

  Maleic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H4O4.

• Maleic anhydride

  Maleic anhydride is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H2O3.

• Malonic acid

  Malonic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C3H4O4.

• Maltose

  A reducing disaccharide containing two glucose units linked alpha(1→4).

• Mesitylene

  Mesitylene is an organic compound with the molecular formula C9H12.

• Methacrylic acid

  Methacrylic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H6O2.

• Methane

  The smallest alkane, with four equivalent carbon–hydrogen bonds.

• Methanoic acid

  Methanoic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula CH2O2.

• Methanol

  Methanol is an organic compound with the molecular formula CH4O.

• Methyl acetate

  Methyl ethanoate, an ester with different methyl environments.

• Methyl benzoate

  Methyl benzoate is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H8O2.

• Methyl salicylate

  An aromatic ester that retains a separate phenolic hydroxyl group.

• Methyl tert-butyl ether

  Methyl tert-butyl ether is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H12O.

• Methylamine

  A primary amine that forms methylammonium salts on protonation.

• Methylcyclohexane

  Methylcyclohexane is an organic compound with the molecular formula C7H14.

• Morpholine

  Morpholine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H9NO.

• N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone

  N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H9NO.

• Naphthalene

  A fused bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with ten delocalised pi electrons.

• Naproxen

  Naproxen is an organic compound with the molecular formula C14H14O3.

• Niacin

  Niacin is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5NO2.

• Nicotinamide

  Nicotinamide is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H6N2O.

• Nitrobenzene

  Nitrobenzene is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5NO2.

• Nonane

  Nonane is an organic compound with the molecular formula C9H20.

• o-Xylene

  o-Xylene is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H10.

• Octan-1-ol

  Octan-1-ol is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H18O.

• Octane

  Octane is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H18.

• Octanoic acid

  Octanoic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H16O2.

• Oleic acid

  Oleic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C18H34O2.

• Oxalic acid

  Oxalic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C2H2O4.

• Oxazole

  Oxazole is an organic compound with the molecular formula C3H3NO.

• p-Xylene

  p-Xylene is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H10.

• Palmitic acid

  Palmitic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C16H32O2.

• Paracetamol

  Paracetamol is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H9NO2.

• Pent-1-ene

  A five-carbon terminal alkene distinct from the pent-2-ene stereoisomers.

• Pentan-1-ol

  Pentan-1-ol is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H12O.

• Pentan-2-one

  Pentan-2-one is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H10O.

• Pentan-3-one

  A symmetrical ketone useful for comparing structure and reduction products.

• Pentanal

  Pentanal is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H10O.

• Pentane

  Pentane is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H12.

• Pentanoic acid

  Pentanoic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H10O2.

• Phenol

  An aromatic hydroxyl compound whose acidity differs from that of an alcohol.

• Phenylacetylene

  A terminal alkyne attached directly to a phenyl group.

• Phthalic acid

  Phthalic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H6O4.

• Piperazine

  Piperazine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H10N2.

• Piperidine

  Piperidine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H11N.

• Propan-1-ol

  A primary alcohol linking hydrogen bonding, aldehyde formation and further oxidation.

• Propan-2-ol

  A secondary alcohol that oxidises to propanone.

• Propanal

  A three-carbon aldehyde linking oxidation and carbonyl addition.

• Propane

  A three-carbon alkane with terminal methyl groups and a central methylene.

• Propane-1,2-diol

  Propane-1,2-diol is an organic compound with the molecular formula C3H8O2.

• Propanenitrile

  A three-carbon nitrile that retains its nitrile carbon in hydrolysis and reduction.

• Propanoic acid

  Propanoic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C3H6O2.

• Propanone

  The simplest ketone, connecting carbonyl addition with secondary-alcohol formation.

• Propyl acetate

  Propyl acetate is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H10O2.

• Propylamine

  Propan-1-amine, a primary amine with a three-carbon chain.

• Propylene carbonate

  Propylene carbonate is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H6O3.

• Propyne

  A terminal three-carbon alkyne whose hydration regiochemistry matters.

• Pyrazine

  Pyrazine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H4N2.

• Pyrazole

  Pyrazole is an organic compound with the molecular formula C3H4N2.

• Pyridine

  Pyridine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H5N.

• Pyrimidine

  Pyrimidine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H4N2.

• Pyrrole

  Pyrrole is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H5N.

• Pyruvic acid

  Pyruvic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C3H4O3.

• Quinoline

  Quinoline is an organic compound with the molecular formula C9H7N.

• Resorcinol

  Resorcinol is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H6O2.

• Retinol

  Retinol is an organic compound with the molecular formula C20H30O.

• Riboflavin

  Riboflavin is an organic compound with the molecular formula C17H20N4O6.

• Salicylic acid

  A molecule with adjacent phenol and carboxylic-acid groups, central to aspirin chemistry.

• Sorbic acid

  Sorbic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H8O2.

• Sorbitol

  Sorbitol is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H14O6.

• Stearic acid

  Stearic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C18H36O2.

• Succinic acid

  Succinic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H6O4.

• Sucrose

  A disaccharide whose glucose and fructose anomeric centres are both linked.

• Sulfolane

  Sulfolane is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H8O2S.

• Tetrahydrofuran

  A five-membered cyclic ether, commonly abbreviated THF.

• Thiazole

  Thiazole is an organic compound with the molecular formula C3H3NS.

• Thiophene

  Thiophene is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H4S.

• Thiourea

  Thiourea is an organic compound with the molecular formula CH4N2S.

• Thymine

  Thymine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H6N2O2.

• Toluene

  Methylbenzene, with separate aromatic-ring and benzylic reaction sites.

• trans-But-2-ene

  The E stereoisomer of but-2-ene, with methyl groups on opposite sides.

• Triethanolamine

  Triethanolamine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H15NO3.

• Triethylamine

  A tertiary organic base with three ethyl groups attached to nitrogen.

• Trimethylamine

  A tertiary amine with a nitrogen lone pair but no N–H bond.

• Uracil

  Uracil is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H4N2O2.

• Urea

  Urea is an organic compound with the molecular formula CH4N2O.

• Uric acid

  Uric acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H4N4O3.

• Vanillin

  Vanillin is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H8O3.

• Xylitol

  Xylitol is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H12O5.

• 1,2-Dibromoethane

  A vicinal dibromoalkane with bromine on adjacent carbon atoms.

• 1,2-Dibromopropane

  The vicinal dibromide associated with bromine addition to propene.

• 1-Bromobutane

  A straight-chain primary bromoalkane with four carbon atoms.

• 1-Phenylethanol

  A secondary benzylic alcohol formed by reducing acetophenone.

• 2,4,6-Tribromophenol

  A phenol with bromine at both ortho positions and the para position.

• 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane

  A tertiary bromoalkane whose bromine-bearing carbon has no hydrogen.

• 2-Bromobutane

  A secondary bromoalkane with a stereogenic bromine-bearing carbon.

• 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane

  A tertiary chloroalkane structurally related to tert-butanol.

• 2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanenitrile

  The cyanohydrin of propanone, retaining two equivalent methyl groups.

• 2-Hydroxypropanenitrile

  The cyanohydrin of ethanal, with hydroxyl and nitrile groups attached to the same carbon.

• 2-Methylpropanal

  A branched four-carbon aldehyde and a constitutional isomer of butanal.

• 2-Methylpropanoic acid

  A branched carboxylic acid with the same formula as butanoic acid.

• 2-Nitrophenol

  A phenol with a nitro group adjacent to the hydroxyl-bearing carbon.

• 4-Nitrophenol

  A phenol with hydroxyl and nitro groups opposite one another on the ring.

• Butanamide

  The straight-chain four-carbon primary amide of butanoic acid.

• Butanenitrile

  A four-carbon nitrile whose terminal nitrile carbon is included in the chain length.

• Cyclopentanol

  A secondary alcohol with its hydroxyl-bearing carbon inside a five-membered ring.

• Ethyl methanoate

  A methanoate ester whose oxygen-bound group is ethyl.

• Ethyl propanoate

  An ester joining the propanoic-acid and ethanol carbon frameworks.

• Methyl methanoate

  The simplest methyl ester, combining a methanoyl group with methoxy oxygen.

• Methyl propanoate

  An ester with a propanoyl fragment and an oxygen-bound methyl group.

• Oxirane

  The smallest epoxide, with two carbon atoms and one oxygen in a three-membered ring.

• Phenyl ethanoate

  An aryl ester in which phenyl is bonded through oxygen to an acetyl group.

• Propanamide

  A primary amide with an ethyl group attached to the carbonyl.

• Propylene oxide

  A methyl-substituted epoxide with two nonequivalent ring carbons.

• Triiodomethane

  Iodoform, the yellow solid produced in the iodoform structural-group test.

• Hydrogen

  Hydrogen (H) is chemical element 1, in period 1, group 1.

• Helium

  Helium (He) is chemical element 2, in period 1, group 18.

• Lithium

  Lithium (Li) is chemical element 3, in period 2, group 1.

• Beryllium

  Beryllium (Be) is chemical element 4, in period 2, group 2.

• Boron

  Boron (B) is chemical element 5, in period 2, group 13.

• Carbon

  Carbon (C) is chemical element 6, in period 2, group 14.

• Nitrogen

  Nitrogen (N) is chemical element 7, in period 2, group 15.

• Oxygen

  Oxygen (O) is chemical element 8, in period 2, group 16.

• Fluorine

  Fluorine (F) is chemical element 9, in period 2, group 17.

• Neon

  Neon (Ne) is chemical element 10, in period 2, group 18.

• Sodium

  Sodium (Na) is chemical element 11, in period 3, group 1.

• Magnesium

  Magnesium (Mg) is chemical element 12, in period 3, group 2.

• Aluminium

  Aluminium (Al) is chemical element 13, in period 3, group 13.

• Silicon

  Silicon (Si) is chemical element 14, in period 3, group 14.

• Phosphorus

  Phosphorus (P) is chemical element 15, in period 3, group 15.

• Sulfur

  Sulfur (S) is chemical element 16, in period 3, group 16.

• Chlorine

  Chlorine (Cl) is chemical element 17, in period 3, group 17.

• Argon

  Argon (Ar) is chemical element 18, in period 3, group 18.

• Potassium

  Potassium (K) is chemical element 19, in period 4, group 1.

• Calcium

  Calcium (Ca) is chemical element 20, in period 4, group 2.

• Scandium

  Scandium (Sc) is chemical element 21, in period 4, group 3.

• Titanium

  Titanium (Ti) is chemical element 22, in period 4, group 4.

• Vanadium

  Vanadium (V) is chemical element 23, in period 4, group 5.

• Chromium

  Chromium (Cr) is chemical element 24, in period 4, group 6.

• Manganese

  Manganese (Mn) is chemical element 25, in period 4, group 7.

• Iron

  Iron (Fe) is chemical element 26, in period 4, group 8.

• Cobalt

  Cobalt (Co) is chemical element 27, in period 4, group 9.

• Nickel

  Nickel (Ni) is chemical element 28, in period 4, group 10.

• Copper

  Copper (Cu) is chemical element 29, in period 4, group 11.

• Zinc

  Zinc (Zn) is chemical element 30, in period 4, group 12.

• Gallium

  Gallium (Ga) is chemical element 31, in period 4, group 13.

• Germanium

  Germanium (Ge) is chemical element 32, in period 4, group 14.

• Arsenic

  Arsenic (As) is chemical element 33, in period 4, group 15.

• Selenium

  Selenium (Se) is chemical element 34, in period 4, group 16.

• Bromine

  Bromine (Br) is chemical element 35, in period 4, group 17.

• Krypton

  Krypton (Kr) is chemical element 36, in period 4, group 18.

• Rubidium

  Rubidium (Rb) is chemical element 37, in period 5, group 1.

• Strontium

  Strontium (Sr) is chemical element 38, in period 5, group 2.

• Yttrium

  Yttrium (Y) is chemical element 39, in period 5, group 3.

• Zirconium

  Zirconium (Zr) is chemical element 40, in period 5, group 4.

• Niobium

  Niobium (Nb) is chemical element 41, in period 5, group 5.

• Molybdenum

  Molybdenum (Mo) is chemical element 42, in period 5, group 6.

• Technetium

  Technetium (Tc) is chemical element 43, in period 5, group 7.

• Ruthenium

  Ruthenium (Ru) is chemical element 44, in period 5, group 8.

• Rhodium

  Rhodium (Rh) is chemical element 45, in period 5, group 9.

• Palladium

  Palladium (Pd) is chemical element 46, in period 5, group 10.

• Silver

  Silver (Ag) is chemical element 47, in period 5, group 11.

• Cadmium

  Cadmium (Cd) is chemical element 48, in period 5, group 12.

• Indium

  Indium (In) is chemical element 49, in period 5, group 13.

• Tin

  Tin (Sn) is chemical element 50, in period 5, group 14.

• Antimony

  Antimony (Sb) is chemical element 51, in period 5, group 15.

• Tellurium

  Tellurium (Te) is chemical element 52, in period 5, group 16.

• Iodine

  Iodine (I) is chemical element 53, in period 5, group 17.

• Xenon

  Xenon (Xe) is chemical element 54, in period 5, group 18.

• Caesium

  Caesium (Cs) is chemical element 55, in period 6, group 1.

• Barium

  Barium (Ba) is chemical element 56, in period 6, group 2.

• Lanthanum

  Lanthanum (La) is chemical element 57, in the period 6 lanthanoid series.

• Cerium

  Cerium (Ce) is chemical element 58, in the period 6 lanthanoid series.

• Praseodymium

  Praseodymium (Pr) is chemical element 59, in the period 6 lanthanoid series.

• Neodymium

  Neodymium (Nd) is chemical element 60, in the period 6 lanthanoid series.

• Promethium

  Promethium (Pm) is chemical element 61, in the period 6 lanthanoid series.

• Samarium

  Samarium (Sm) is chemical element 62, in the period 6 lanthanoid series.

• Europium

  Europium (Eu) is chemical element 63, in the period 6 lanthanoid series.

• Gadolinium

  Gadolinium (Gd) is chemical element 64, in the period 6 lanthanoid series.

• Terbium

  Terbium (Tb) is chemical element 65, in the period 6 lanthanoid series.

• Dysprosium

  Dysprosium (Dy) is chemical element 66, in the period 6 lanthanoid series.

• Holmium

  Holmium (Ho) is chemical element 67, in the period 6 lanthanoid series.

• Erbium

  Erbium (Er) is chemical element 68, in the period 6 lanthanoid series.

• Thulium

  Thulium (Tm) is chemical element 69, in the period 6 lanthanoid series.

• Ytterbium

  Ytterbium (Yb) is chemical element 70, in the period 6 lanthanoid series.

• Lutetium

  Lutetium (Lu) is chemical element 71, in the period 6 lanthanoid series.

• Hafnium

  Hafnium (Hf) is chemical element 72, in period 6, group 4.

• Tantalum

  Tantalum (Ta) is chemical element 73, in period 6, group 5.

• Tungsten

  Tungsten (W) is chemical element 74, in period 6, group 6.

• Rhenium

  Rhenium (Re) is chemical element 75, in period 6, group 7.

• Osmium

  Osmium (Os) is chemical element 76, in period 6, group 8.

• Iridium

  Iridium (Ir) is chemical element 77, in period 6, group 9.

• Platinum

  Platinum (Pt) is chemical element 78, in period 6, group 10.

• Gold

  Gold (Au) is chemical element 79, in period 6, group 11.

• Mercury

  Mercury (Hg) is chemical element 80, in period 6, group 12.

• Thallium

  Thallium (Tl) is chemical element 81, in period 6, group 13.

• Lead

  Lead (Pb) is chemical element 82, in period 6, group 14.

• Bismuth

  Bismuth (Bi) is chemical element 83, in period 6, group 15.

• Polonium

  Polonium (Po) is chemical element 84, in period 6, group 16.

• Astatine

  Astatine (At) is chemical element 85, in period 6, group 17.

• Radon

  Radon (Rn) is chemical element 86, in period 6, group 18.

• Francium

  Francium (Fr) is chemical element 87, in period 7, group 1.

• Radium

  Radium (Ra) is chemical element 88, in period 7, group 2.

• Actinium

  Actinium (Ac) is chemical element 89, in the period 7 actinoid series.

• Thorium

  Thorium (Th) is chemical element 90, in the period 7 actinoid series.

• Protactinium

  Protactinium (Pa) is chemical element 91, in the period 7 actinoid series.

• Uranium

  Uranium (U) is chemical element 92, in the period 7 actinoid series.

• Neptunium

  Neptunium (Np) is chemical element 93, in the period 7 actinoid series.

• Plutonium

  Plutonium (Pu) is chemical element 94, in the period 7 actinoid series.

• Americium

  Americium (Am) is chemical element 95, in the period 7 actinoid series.

• Curium

  Curium (Cm) is chemical element 96, in the period 7 actinoid series.

• Berkelium

  Berkelium (Bk) is chemical element 97, in the period 7 actinoid series.

• Californium

  Californium (Cf) is chemical element 98, in the period 7 actinoid series.

• Einsteinium

  Einsteinium (Es) is chemical element 99, in the period 7 actinoid series.

• Fermium

  Fermium (Fm) is chemical element 100, in the period 7 actinoid series.

• Mendelevium

  Mendelevium (Md) is chemical element 101, in the period 7 actinoid series.

• Nobelium

  Nobelium (No) is chemical element 102, in the period 7 actinoid series.

• Lawrencium

  Lawrencium (Lr) is chemical element 103, in the period 7 actinoid series.

• Rutherfordium

  Rutherfordium (Rf) is chemical element 104, in period 7, group 4.

• Dubnium

  Dubnium (Db) is chemical element 105, in period 7, group 5.

• Seaborgium

  Seaborgium (Sg) is chemical element 106, in period 7, group 6.

• Bohrium

  Bohrium (Bh) is chemical element 107, in period 7, group 7.

• Hassium

  Hassium (Hs) is chemical element 108, in period 7, group 8.

• Meitnerium

  Meitnerium (Mt) is chemical element 109, in period 7, group 9.

• Darmstadtium

  Darmstadtium (Ds) is chemical element 110, in period 7, group 10.

• Roentgenium

  Roentgenium (Rg) is chemical element 111, in period 7, group 11.

• Copernicium

  Copernicium (Cn) is chemical element 112, in period 7, group 12.

• Nihonium

  Nihonium (Nh) is chemical element 113, in period 7, group 13.

• Flerovium

  Flerovium (Fl) is chemical element 114, in period 7, group 14.

• Moscovium

  Moscovium (Mc) is chemical element 115, in period 7, group 15.

• Livermorium

  Livermorium (Lv) is chemical element 116, in period 7, group 16.

• Tennessine

  Tennessine (Ts) is chemical element 117, in period 7, group 17.

• Oganesson

  Oganesson (Og) is chemical element 118, in period 7, group 18.